Generated by All in One SEO v4.9.0, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # Life's Chemistry Press Simplifying Life's Molecules = Understanding health and disease ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [Blog](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/blog/) - This has been autogenerated as a placeholder for blog. - [Humans age, but not all mammals do: Amazing stories from bats and whales](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/humans-age-but-not-all-mammals-do-amazing-stories-from-bats-and-whales/) - Blatant World. Bowhead Whales swimming in the Arctic Ocean, Taken Dec 1, 2009. From Flickr.com. Staying young impossibly long There are animals that stay young much longer than we would ever expect (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). It is not only that they live longer than their cousins: they stay fertile and maintain a youthful body for most - [Multinucleated cells: The frightening similarities between cancer and slime mold](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/multinucleated-cells-similarities-between-cancer-and-slime-mold/) - By Simia Attentive. A yellow branched plasmodium of a Physarum slime mold, or myxomycete, is crawling and moving on a substrate. Shutterstock.com, ID: 757630846 Slime mold and cancer Some cancer cells merge together to form a large bag of cytoplasm enclosing a bunch of nuclei (multinucleated giant cells). In many cases, it is these multinucleated giant - [Teaching others: a way of giving back](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press/teaching-others-a-way-of-giving-back/) - Teaching others: A way of giving back From being mediocre When I was early in my clinical years, I was asked to teach clinical medicine to first year psychiatry residents. This was to ensure that they were comfortable with the management of common medical conditions even though their focus was the mental health of the - [My story: A magical journey from where I started to where I am now](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press/my-story-a-magical-journey-from-where-i-started-to-where-i-am-now/) - 140264jd. Cell membrane. Flickr photo-sharing. Taken on Oct 27, 2011. How I started This project began in 1982. That’s a lot of time to spend, getting close to half a century. It started off when I wondered why the proteins in intestinal cells faced in a certain direction. The rectangular intestinal cells that line - [My Struggles in the face of uncertainty](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press/my-struggles/) - Struggling even with the simplest of concepts I really understand clouds; their different shape, sizes, and their immensity. However, at one point I struggled to understand why they turn pink during sunsets. Even now, I am not really sure I can explain why clouds are a purplish blue color at sunrise. That is OK. Because, - [A simple explanation for why clouds are really white](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/a-simple-explanation-for-why-clouds-are-really-white/) - Images by John ‘K’. “Flat bottomed clouds”. Flickr.com, March 4, 2009. Why are clouds bright white? You know those fluffy white clouds that look like wooly sheep or whipped cream? Why are they so white? When I type in “why are clouds white?” into a Google search, the top 10 links all agree that the - [Platelets: a massive protein factory in our body](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/platelets-a-massive-protein-factory-in-our-body/) - Fascinating Fragments of Cells Each of the billions of platelets that are found in our blood have the machinery to continue to generate new proteins. Conclusion: Platelets’ function and vitality are intricately related to our normal reactions to a hostile environment. For example, platelet-generated alpha-granule-protein-enriched fluid preparations (produced from thrombin-activated platelets) are used in wound - [Growth proteins: Nature's way of building and repair](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/growth-proteins-natures-way-of-building-and-repair/) - Growth proteins: They call the shots Growth proteins help our tissues develop and grow, build and repair. Conclusion: The growth proteins discussed in this article are essential for growth and repair of tissues. They are critical in the health of our bodies. This article is a snapshot and a prelude for future articles on how - [Why do our cells love spinach?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/why-do-our-cells-love-spinach/) - Spinach: one of the youth-producing foodsSpinach helps cells chill out: preventing acid accumulation within the cellConclusion:Our cells love spinach because it has a lot of anti-oxidants and anti-inflammatory molecules. As importantly, the molecules in spinach (like quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol) help cells avoid acidity within the cytoplasm. Image by Shingo_No from PixabaySpinach: Getting rid of toxins - [Reversing aging and the simple actions that help maintain our youthfulness](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/reversing-aging-and-the-simple-actions-that-help-maintain-our-youthfulness/) - Reversing Aging: Simple actions It’s crucial to understand the connection between our actions and the proteins our bodies produce. Conclusion: The common theme is that a magic pill for reversing aging is unlikely to exist. It is up to us to do the simple actions that stimulate the production of those innate factors that promote - [Three simple reasons cold showers keep you healthy](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/three-simple-reasons-cold-showers-keep-you-healthy/) - Cold showers: “Shower”, me5otron, taken on Nov 14, 2008. Flickr.com Changes in your body when taking a cold shower Does taking cold showers make you healthier? There is some evidence to suggest that this is so. This article will give you three positive benefits for taking a cold shower first thing in the morning - [Is metformin the new anti-aging drug?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/is-metformin-the-new-anti-aging-drug/) - WinWin artlab. Aging and anti-aging: People age generations from child to elderly. Shutterstock.com, ID: 2012952941.DALL·E-2023. Is anti-aging possible? Photo-of an elderly man and woman both in their nineties, 10/21/2023Is Anti-aging possible?Who doesn’t want to live a long and healthy life?Unfortunately, ill-health is not uncommon for those of us in our senior years. The data supports - [The fascinating connection between Whales, hippos, and camels: high fructose](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/the-fascinating-connection-between-whales-hippos-and-camels/) - wongaboo. Desert roads. Flickr.com, Jan 18, 2016. mobinovyc. Camels. Pixabay. Fructose is an essential molecule to many mammals In a previous article, I described how fructose is a commonly found molecule in nature. It is also essential during the development of the offspring of many mammals. For example, whales and dolphins have their fetuses swimming - [A practical way to discover your why](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press/a-practical-way-to-discover-your-why/) - [Alzheimer’s disease: the most common path to neuronal death](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/alzheimers-disease-the-most-common-path-to-neuronal-death/) - Beta-Amyloid Plaques (brown) and Tau (blue within neuron) in the Brain In the Alzheimer’s affected brain. Flickr.com, NIH Image Gallery. Alzheimer’s disease and amyloid plaques Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. Given its prevalence, it remains the most common cause for neuronal degeneration and death (1). For many years, a major focus - [Naked mole rats survival depends on their queen](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/naked-mole-rats-survival-depends-on-their-queen/) - Aydan Metev. naked mole rat in a terrarium. Shutterstock, ID 1411620992What’s it like to have a queen in charge of the speciesHaving a queen means that a colony can avoid multi-tasking and become very effective at a few things that are important to the survival of the species.Thus, when the breeding of the young is - [How to treat chronic disease by breaking the cycle of inflammation in two diseases](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/how-to-treat-chronic-disease-by-breaking-the-cycle-of-inflammation-in-two-diseases/) - Rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease IBD relief. Symptoms of Crohn’s disease. Flickr.com, uploaded Jan 4, 2018. handarmdoc. Rheumatoid arthritis as a chronic disease. Flickr.com, taken 4/22/2008. Many chronic diseases have evidence of elevated molecules in the blood. While the molecule is not the first event that happens, ongoing elevation of that molecule potentiates chronic organ - [Live long and stay young: Bats have it much better than mice](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/bats-have-it-much-better-than-mice-they-live-long/) - zdenek_macat.Stock Brandt’s bat (Myotis brandtii) portrait in natural habitat, Shutterstock. Some creatures live long and stay young This article focuses on 2 areas: 1) As a general rule, the smaller the size, the shorter the lifespan. However, there are fascinating exceptions to this rule. 2) There are small creatures – like bats, naked mole rats, - [Average lifespan for most animals is under 30 years](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/average-lifespan-of-most-animals/) - Bowhead whale 200+ years Average lifespan The average lifespan of the vast majority of animals is in the range of days, weeks, months and years, with a select few species living into the decades. Most animals (78%) live in water. Animals that live in water have advantages. There are less extreme fluctuations in temperature. - [A simple explanation of how chronic inflammation causes chronic disease](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/a-simple-explanation-of-how-chronic-inflammation-causes-chronic-disease/) - Many chronically elevated molecules promote disease Image: organs affected by chronic disease (brain, lungs, liver, heart): Image by J. Hijab, using Dall-e. All chronic diseases are due to chronic elevation of some (or many) stimulatory molecules in the blood. For example, chronically elevated blood glucose levels, ongoing presence of pro-inflammatory factors, and chronic light exposure - [Biological rhythms are critically important in keeping cells youthful](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/biological-rhythms-are-critically-important-in-keeping-cells-youthful/) - Pikovit. Circadian rhythm: Melatonin and cortisol cycles. Shutterstock.com, ID 2174779955.The nature of biological rhythmsBiological rhythms are repetitive, cyclical changes in the cells of living creatures. They are part of nature. These cycles creates dynamic variations in an animal’s internal signals, hormones, and behavior and are essential for their survival. Biological rhythms help living beings adapt - [Squeezing out the rain: three steps to understanding rain clouds](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/squeezing-out-the-rain-three-steps-to-understanding-rain-clouds/) - Nicholas A. Tonelli. Spotlight. Storm clouds, northeast Lehigh Valley. Flickr.com, Sept 25, 2006. Why does it rain? Our typical rain clouds: the nimbostratus clouds The image to the left shows the dark clouds that make up the nimbostratus clouds. The nimbostratus clouds produce a leaden gray sky. They result in continuous rain over several hours. Why - [Why it is important to learn about Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) proteins](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/why-it-is-important-to-learn-about-senescence-associated-secretory-phenotype-sasp-proteins/) - Science Project 101 . Cellular Senescence – a natural process where cells stop dividing and enter a state of permanent growth arrest, triggered by a variety of stressors, like DNA damage, telomere shortening, etc. Shutterstock_2312548975Senescent cellsSenescent cells are those that have lost the ability to divide. They look different than younger cells in a number - [An unusual attribute of senescence-inducing factors](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/an-unusual-attribute-of-senescence-inducing-factors/) - Senescent cell (Courtesy of Dall-e) Senescence and proteins of aging In a previous article, I highlighted how proteins of aging seem to localize on the basolateral aspect of the membrane. In this article, I will highlight a characteristic that seems to characterize the factors that bind to those basolaterally-localized proteins of aging. These are the senescence-inducing - [A simple explanation for chemical bonds: Electron bench points](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/molecules/a-simple-explanation-for-chemical-bonds-electron-bench-points/) - What are electron bench points? By magnetix. Shutterstock ID: 467129510. energy curve of hydrogen bonding H2. A chemical bond is a fluid, multiform thing - [The one way that Stem cells maintain health: they take long naps](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/the-one-way-that-stem-cells-maintain-health-they-take-long-naps/) - Designua. Stem cells. These inner cell mass from a blastocyst. These stem cells can become any tissue in the body. for example: neuron, chondrocyte, enterocytes, red blood cells, muscle, fat or epithelial cells. Shutterstock.com, ID: 595329806. Adult stem cells are critical for tissue renewal and repair This article describes what being a quiescent stem cell - [Senescent cells display unhealthy acidification of the cytoplasm](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/senescent-cells-display-unhealthy-acidification-of-the-cytoplasm/) - Acidification of the cytoplasm, Dall-e, July, 2023The normal pH in the cytoplasmWithin cells, maintaining an optimal pH level is crucial for proper functioning, both inside and outside the cell (1). Disruptions in pH can impair protein function, leading to cellular dysfunction and an increase in senescence. This article explores instances where abnormal acidification of the - [How to stay younger: have healthy lysosomes](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/how-to-stay-younger-have-healthy-lysosomes/) - DALL·E representations of several lysosomes (three irregular structures with suggestion of digested material (lipofuschin) within the structure), a central nucleus, several mitochondria (ovoid blue bodies), and multiple vesicles (circular structures of different sizes), 6/24/2023. Lysosomes: Our cell’s trash recycling systems Lysosomes are specialized organelles within the cell (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Their main function - [How do clouds form in 5 easy steps](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/how-do-clouds-form-in-5-easy-steps/) - Hijab, J. Fluffy white clouds, Summer 2020 How do clouds form Clouds form at anywhere from 1,500 feet (~0.5 km) to 33,000 feet (10 km) above the earth. How do clouds form? In this article, I will outline a helpful way to understand cloud formation. I have listed 5 steps: Evaporation and condensation Cooling water - [Proteins of aging and their localization in the cell](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/the-proteins-of-aging-and-their-localization-in-the-cell/) - Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library. Epithelial Tissues: Brush Border in Simple Columnar Epithelium. Flickr.com, April 26, 2018. Proteins of aging In this article, I am going to list 5 proteins that are associated with cell senescence. Abnormal expression or activation of those proteins can transform them into proteins of aging. Interestingly, those 5 proteins - [An easy explanation why electrons don’t crash into each other](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/molecules/an-easy-explanation-why-electrons-dont-crash-into-each-other/) - Kevin Dooley. Atom: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons, Probability. Flickr.com, Dec 7, 2013, Two things that are important to an electron Electrons are fast moving entities; in the order of speeds of 1,367 miles/second. Some atoms have few electrons (such as hydrogen with 1, carbon with 6, nitrogen with 7, and oxygen with 8); others have many - [Acute Asthma attacks: When breathing is part of the problem](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/acute-asthma-attacks-when-breathing-is-part-of-the-problem/) - bobo615. pulmonary-circulation. Flickr.com, May 22, 2011 (lungs and asthma) Exhaled air can contain a lot of acid Exhaled air has large amounts of carbon dioxide, as we would expect. This carbon dioxide (CO2) attaches to the moisture (H2O) coming out of the lungs to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). Not only that, the cells lining the - [The connectedness of water molecules creates its 3 phases](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/the-connectedness-of-water-molecules-creates-its-3-phases/) - ravas51. IMG_2395. Flickr.com, Feb 5, 2013 Solid, liquid, and gas I want to express a different opinion than the current one. Seeing water as solid, liquid, and gas does not support its unusual character. A different view of the three states It is helpful to view it as 3 states, without regard to whether it - [Three unexpected systems that thrive on fructose](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/three-unexpected-systems-that-thrive-on-fructose/) - USDA NRCS Montana. Red apples.. Flickr.com, Dec 4, 2017.If fructose is so bad, why is it in apples?Have you seen the headlines?Too much fructose may cause liver damage and heart disease! Fructose is alcohol without the buzz! Avoid High Fructose Corn Syrup!It seems as if the whole planet is anti-fructose. Julie Andrews should be singing this! “A - [Why does creating a muscle burn make you stronger (I learned something!)](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/why-does-creating-a-muscle-burn-make-you-stronger/) - Brittany. Skeletal muscle. Flickr.com, Sept 23, 2012 What is muscle burn? When cells experience high metabolic rates or when they experience relative or absolute hypoxia, they move to non-oxidative breakdown of glucose (glycolysis), generating lots of acid in the form of lactic acid + hydrogen ions (H+). These enzymatic processes will cause a lowering of - [Cancer cells: the initial step to the dark side](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/cancer-cells-the-initial-step-to-the-dark-side/) - David A Litman. Lymph node from a patient with Hodgkin’s Disease (lymphoma), showing a Reed Sternberg cell variant. Shutterstock.com, Stock Photo ID: 1012664833. Cancer cells have gone to the dark side of cellular metabolism When I think of creatures that are metabolically very active, I think of creatures with very fast heart rates, like mice, - [Cellular rejuvenation happens when cells take out the garbage](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/cellular-rejuvenation-happens-when-cells-take-out-the-garbage/) - The second path to cellular rejuvenation: DALL·E-2- interpretation showing four spherical multi-vesicular bodies (MVPs), with multicolored vesicles inside them. The central structure is the nucleus. You can almost imagine the MVP at 3 o’clock merging with a dark blue lysosome so as to degrade the junk in the MVP, 5/24/2023. How do adult stem cells - [Four things must happen to make water white](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/four-things-must-happen-to-make-water-white/) - lpiepiora. Splash. Flickr.com, Feb 23, 2006 Water is white when disorganized air bubbles/pockets are entrapped Water is colorless. However, water shows as white in certain instances: The first instance is when water is turbulent: Liquid water is white at the interfaces of water and air when there is turbulence. Wave crests, breaking waves, waterfalls, the - [Three reasons nuclear envelope proteins glide into the nucleus effortlessly](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/molecules/three-reasons-nuclear-envelope-proteins-glide-into-the-nucleus-effortlessly/) - Alila Medical Media. Typical animal cell, with endoplasmic reticulum shown. Shutterstock.com, ID: 112395266. A typical cell, labeled Nuclear envelope proteins Cellular membrane proteins are generated through the help of membrane-bound ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) (1, 2). These integral membrane proteins are free to diffuse laterally through the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum - [7 reasons why we should understand water](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/7-reasons-why-we-should-understand-water/) - Terry Ott.USA – Oregon – Crater Lake. Flickr.com, Aug 12, 2016 Water is the most important molecule on this planet Why should we care about understanding water? Here are 7 reasons for that. With the water molecule we have: Variations in weather patterns From climate effects, to the water cycle, to different patterns of water precipitation. Living - [3 states of the most common element in the universe: the hydrogen atom](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/molecules/the-three-states-of-the-most-common-element-in-the-universe/) - Designua. Structure atom Helium and Hydrogen. Shutterstock.com, ID: 111779942. The 3 states of hydrogen Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe.We live in a blessed atmosphere on Earth. It is cool enough to support stable atomic structures. But warm enough to allow dynamic bonding. This article describes the 3 states that the hydrogen - [Bats and bananas are surprisingly intertwined](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/bats-and-bananas-are-surprisingly-intertwined/) - Andy Morffew. Short-tailed Fruit Bat. Flickr.com, taken on Jan 21, 2015. Bats are agricultural treasures Bats are the second most common mammalian species (after rodents). Many of us are not aware of the vital importance of bats in agricultural ecosystems (1, 2, 3). Bats as exceptional pest controllers For one thing, insect-eating bats are - [Bowhead whale longevity is double that of its cousins](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/bowhead-whale-longevity-is-double-that-of-its-cousins/) - bekirevren Bowhead whale, 3d rendering. Shutterstock.com, Stock ID: 1622542453 Longevity in mammals Most whales live very long lives when you compare them to other mammals. There is this very cool table showing hundreds of species and their longevity (either in the wild or in captivity). More the 80% of the mammalian species whose longevity was - [Does swimming in cold water make you live longer?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/does-swimming-in-cold-water-make-you-live-longer/) - Swimmer in the arctic ocean. Courtesy of Dall-e 2, Jan 31, 2023. Year round swimming There are many proponents of swimming as an excellent exercise to maintain health. Swimmers have a longevity advantage over runners or walkers, according to one study. What about swimming in cold water? Many people tout the benefits of swimming year - [How solid is the 2-electron H-H bond?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/molecules/how-solid-is-the-2-electron-h-h-bond-of-hydrogen-gas/) - BlueRingMedia. The Hydrogen element. Shutterstock.com, ID: 152409845. Understanding the H : H bond Through understanding how hydrogen atoms join together to form H2 (hydrogen gas), we can better appreciate a number of things: the H:O:H bonds of water. Why the H:H bond is inert. It takes energy to make hydrogen gas flammable Why the - [Why do light-skinned people shed more dead skin cells](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/why-do-some-people-shed-more-dead-skin-cells-than-others/) - Adrian Scottow. Skin. Flickr.com, taken on June 20, 2010.Lighter skinned people shed more dead skin than others: True or false?I was asked this question this past Monday by one of the visitors to my site: Question: Why do some people have and shed more dead skin cells than others?Additional: This condition seems to be inherent in light-skinned, - [Simple reasons for ice and snow to be blue](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/simple-reasons-for-ice-and-snow-to-be-blue/) - When we see a blue body of water, do we know how much of the blueness is due to the depth of the water, or the reflection from the floor/walls, or just simply due to suspended material within the water. - [Which is better? Eating insects or eating meat](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/which-is-better-eating-insects-or-eating-meat/) - Charlie Jackson. Great Green Bush-cricket. Flickr.com, Aug 22, 2015. Eating insects: We are what we eat We are what we eat. In my 20s, I used to think that it does not matter what one ate. If one exercised enough, it would make up for a horrible diet. It turns out that what you eat - [Why is the s orbital spherical: its special place](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/molecules/why-is-the-s-orbital-spherical-its-special-place/) - It’s special place The s-orbital has the most advantages of all the orbitals: It is spherical which means the electron can “live” in a huge expanse of space. There are at most 2 electrons within the orbital. Thus, it is relatively easy for the electrons to stay out of each other’s way. If we place - [Water’s hydrogen bond is the most incredible and versatile bond in the universe](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/water-hydrogen-bond-most-incredible-versatile-bond/) - Water: the most agile molecule in the Universe. - [How to have extreme longevity: 3. Keep adult stem cells young](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/how-to-have-extreme-longevity-3-keep-adult-stem-cells-young/) - yomogi1. Diagrams of young skin and wrinkle. young skin is firm tight, its collagen framework is healthy. old skin sags as it loses its support structure. Shutterstock.com, ID: 1809479347. Aging cells –> Aging stem cells –> Aging A healthy and flourishing system needs a robust and dynamic cast of players. In this vein, animals that have - [A salamander’s amazing secret for staying young: Destroy senescent cells](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/a-salamanders-amazing-secret-for-staying-young-destroy-senescent-cells/) - jeri leandera. Yellow spotted salamander. Flickr.com, Sept 15, 2007. Salamanders and staying young Salamanders and newts are related to frogs (1, 2). Their head looks like that of a frog, but their body looks more like a lizard. Impressive longevity and high regenerative abilities Salamanders are a very long-lived species – for their size (3): - [Thick fog, thin mist: How to create shrouds of water vapor](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/thick-fog-thin-mist-how-to-create-shrouds-of-water/) - Water is invisible when free of elements that reflect light back to us like air bubbles, particles, or matter (like coffee). - [8 things that are unusually white in nature](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/8-things-that-are-unusually-white-in-nature/) - By LVV. Transparent glass ball with air bubbles inside on a blue background. Shutterstock.com, 45809566 White color in nature There is a simple explanation for much of the white color that we see in nature. Common things appear white because of entrapped gas molecules. The common element creating a white color is gas bubbles held captive - [Amazing natural fibers: spider webs, Abaca fibers, and DNA](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/amazing-natural-fibers-spider-webs-abaca-fibers-and-dna/) - The easiest way to think of it is through thinking of furniture that is glued together. - [15 white objects that are naturally really white](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/15-natural-objects-that-are-really-white/) - White objects: Really white water When is water white? In this article, I list 15 really white objects, including water. As you go down the list, imagine what is happening at the microscopic level. I also discuss this further in the course when is water white. In the course, I discuss different states of water - [Are you breathing out a cloud?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/are-you-breathing-out-a-cloud-2/) - By nik7ch, Early in the morning, two morals left on glade, ID: 30565345. What do breath and clouds have in common? Breathing out into cold air will create visible breath. Grafixo. Giant pumping out cloud, Aug, 2021 Similarly, a giant standing on Earth pumping air from the ground to the very cold Troposphere could reproduce the - [How to have extreme longevity: 2. Add more stem cells](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/how-to-have-extreme-longevity-2-add-more-stem-cells/) - Dividing stem cellsWhy are stem cells important?Stem cells provide new “blood” for tissues. In any successful project, it is important to have a mixture of younger and more vibrant entities as well as the “old hands” on deck. One of the main reasons for aging in animals is due to aging of the stem cells (1, - [Water is clear and transparent for three simple reasons](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/water-is-clear-and-transparent-for-three-simple-reasons/) - Water molecules are intermittently unconnected at the femtosecond level! it is those spaces that light can find a path through and back! - [How to have extreme longevity: 1. Adapt to water](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/how-to-have-extreme-longevity-1-adapt-to-water/) - Hydra vulgaris – seemingly Immortal:: Lebendkulturen.de. Shutterstock.com, ID: 92793046. Extreme Longevity: The Hydra lives for centuriesMore than 500 millions years ago, a group of creatures seemed to have developed the key to eternal life and extreme longevity. The hydra is an animal in this group, and is a member of the Phylum Cnidaria (1–2). The Hydra is a - [Three unusual reasons that help animals live incredibly longer lives](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/three-unusual-reasons-that-help-animals-live-incredibly-longer-lives/) - Gabe Dubois. Single quahog clam at low tide on the beach in Cape Cod. Shutterstock.com, ID: 1195392094.Longer LivesYou’d think that having lots of food, warmth, and plentiful oxygen levels would help animals enjoy longer lives. The truth is that those factors invite shorter life spans. Animals that live in freezing waters with food scarcity and low - [Adult stem cells stay young attached to the basement membrane](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/adult-stem-cells-stay-young-attached-to-the-basement-membrane/) - Basement membrane is key for healthy stem cells How young stem cells stay young Adult stem cells develop a strong attachment to a membrane called the basement membrane. This membrane acts like a floor for stem cells to sit on. The basement membrane also acts as an “oil of Olay” layer that helps keep stem - [What doesn’t kill you makes you live longer](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/what-doesnt-kill-you-makes-you-live-longer/) - Greenland sharks – 400+ yearsIs it possible to live longer?Yes, it is possible! There are elements in the environment that help you have longer lifespans. You’d think that having lots of food, warmth, and plentiful oxygen levels would help animals enjoy longer lives.The truth is that the opposite holds: having food scarcity, cold environmental conditions, - [Three reasons why ice cubes have white clouds within them](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/three-reasons-why-ice-cubes-have-white-clouds-within-them/) - Ice cubes with trapped air bubblesClear ice cubes: no air bubblesIce cubes are not always clearI spent a lot of trial and error to create crystal-clear ice cubes. You can see the results above. On the left are the standard ice cubes our freezer produces. On the right are ice cubes produced using the technique - [Frozen clouds in the freezer and in the sky](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/category-water/frozen-clouds-in-the-freezer-and-in-the-sky/) - Ice cube “clouds”need frozen water And quick freezing temperaturesClouds in ice cubes are due to disorganized air bubbles that reflect a lot of white color back to us. The ice cube shown below on the left has a white rod in it, with surrounding clarity. It was probably produced by having even cooling and very cold temperatures - [Understanding energy: A simple Platonic solid model](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/molecules/understanding-energy-a-simple-platonic-solid-model/) - Let it be agreed, then, both according to strict reason and according to probability, that the pyramid is the solid which is the original element and seed of fire; and let us assign the element which was next in the order of generation to air, and the third to water. - [Creating a solid reality](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/molecules/creating-a-solid-reality/) - A table with one leg In the course on atoms (The best way to calm atoms), I discussed that the lone electron of the hydrogen atom creates a “solid” spherical orbital around the nucleus. Does the hydrogen atom nucleus “feel” the equivalent of a cocoon of electrons darting around through the motion of 1 electron? Here’s - [Cancer: three important concepts to be aware of](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/cancer-concepts-made-easy/) - What are the basics? There are three primary concepts that underlie all cancerous change. When you grasp those concepts, it is possible to visualize what happens to a colon, brain, or breast cell on its cancerous path. Membrane proteins: Three types I will break down the proteins that line cell membranes into three types Cell - [Cancer cure: What is the best approach?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health-posts/proving-that-we-can-have-a-cure-for-cancer/) - I am on a quest I have never truly believed that we can cure cancer. It is so diverse a disease, particularly in the elderly. Once it is metastatic, the odds are very poor. I have a skewed view of the disease, as I see patients who are the sickest, the most elderly, and the ## Pages - [Homepage](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/) - Water – molecules – cells – life: all are connected Understanding Health and Disease Newest course The value in keeping our stem cells young (part I) Newest blog post A practical way to discover your why Thinking at the third level Why I write Discover the Latest Articles - [Why I write](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/why-i-write/) - The three levels I want you to reach the third level of thinking. The struggle is worth it. Explaining things in a way that makes sense The most easily understood concepts are those that can be explained using common examples. Being able to explain the concept to others As a mentor and teacher to others, - [Contact page – new](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/contact-page-new/) - Got a question? Contact me I’m here to answer questions related to Life’s Chemistry Press that you might have. I look forward to hearing from you. Warm Regards, Juman Recent post The one way that Stem cells maintain health: they take long naps Designua. Stem cells. These inner cell mass from a blastocyst. These stem - [About me](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/about-me/) - Juman Hijab, MD MPH. Life’s Chemistry Press. Thinking like a physician to explain Life’s Molecules How does being a clinician and chemistry fit together? It is similar to other professions that work closely together; for example, architects and engineers. To be a better physician, I had to understand how drugs worked at the molecular level. - [My Mission](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/our-mission/) - . Jessica Merz. Polar bear. Flickr photo-sharing. Taken on Feb 20, 2006. Making life’s molecules easier to understand The goal is to make things easier to understand. We can develop a framework that helps us understand our physical world. Making sense of concepts For example, clouds are made of water and air. Water is - [Health: main page](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/health/) - Health Posts on Health Health Average lifespan for most animals is under 30 years Bowhead whale 200+ yearsAverage lifespanThe average lifespan of the vast majority of Read More Health Live long and stay young: Bats have it much better than mice Brandt BatSome creatures live long and stay youngThis article focuses on 2 Read More - [Life's Chemistry Press Themes](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/) - [Login](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/login/) - In order to access this course you need to log in into your account Please login below to start immediately Need to subscribe? Go to sign up page - [Contact Form Confirmation](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/contact-form-confirmation/) - Thank you for contacting me! 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This Privacy Policy governs the manner in which Life’s Chemistry Press collects, uses, maintains and discloses information collected from users (each, a “User”) of the https://lifeschemistrypress.com website (“Site”). This Privacy Policy is reviewed and revised from time to time. Your use of this site, in - [Life is chemistry: Learn more](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/life-is-chemistry-learn-more/) - Life is Chemistry All of life is chemistry. From our DNA, to our cell membranes, to our liver and brain. The connections are seamless and cyclical. When we feel hungry, the cells in our brain feel the low blood sugar. We experience that in our gut. The cycle of glucose build-up and breakdown is interspersed - [blog posts](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/blog-2-3/) - Juman Hijab October 19, 2024 Platelets: a massive protein factory in our body Juman Hijab September 3, 2024 Growth proteins: Nature’s way of building and repair Juman Hijab August 18, 2024 Why do our cells love spinach? Juman Hijab August 13, 2024 Reversing aging and the simple actions that help maintain our youthfulness Load More - [Blog posts](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/blog-2/) - Platelets: a massive protein factory in our body Growth proteins: Nature’s way of building and repair Why do our cells love spinach? Reversing aging and the simple actions that help maintain our youthfulness Three simple reasons cold showers keep you healthy Is metformin the new anti-aging drug? 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There are multiple paths for cells to become cancerous, including exposure to noxious agents, chronic inflammatory - [What will you learn?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/what-will-you-learn/) - Water Life Health Here’s an overview of the three major course areas. ​ Learn how water is so versatile. Why water has so many phases. Why hydrogen is the only element that can form hydrogen-bond-like bonds. What is the basis for water’s ability to create life that even heavy water cannot do? How does water, one of - [Courses on Water](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/courses-on-water/) - Here are courses on water that have beenpublished When is water white? White bubbles, ice, snow, cold breath, and clouds. What makes them so white? There is a common theme to many of the white colors in water. Funnily enough, a lot it has to do with air. Go to course. Here are courses - [Courses on Life](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/courses-on-life/) - Here are courses on Life that have been published. None as yet: review the upcoming course listed below Here are courses on Life that are in the planning and development phase Small molecular systems Small molecules – like l-amino acids or D-glucose – are essential building blocks for all living creatures. Why are those the molecules - [A mental model for molecules](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/a-mental-model-for-molecules/) - What is different? A Mental Model How can you help? What’s next? There has to be a reason The primary premise of this work is that there has to be a reason for everything that we see and feel. Much of science is built towards explaining things. Sometimes the explanations are complex. 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The power of having the right nuclear blueprint](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/the-power-of-having-the-right-nuclear-blueprint/) - An-old-tabby-cat-and-an-old-dachshund, 1/27/2023, courtesy of Dall-e 2. Genetics versus environmental change Aging does a disservice to the organism. Yes, we can live longer, often 20% – 60% longer – when we compare our lifespan in the 21st century to our ancestors – but that time is sometimes spent with painful and destructive disability. When aging is - [3. How does the environment shape longevity?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/how-does-the-environment-shape-longevity/) - John5199. Giant TortoiseTaken at Cotswold Wildlife Park, May 2012. Flickr.com: Lifespan 100+ years. Environmental factors that determine lifespan Environmental factors clearly shape lifespan. If you are safe from predators, you will be spared to live another day. Plentiful food means less attrition due to starvation. However, the way the environment determines lifespan does not always - [2. Aging is not a foregone conclusion](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/aging-is-not-a-foregone-conclusion/) - zdenek_macat. Brandt’s bat (Myotis brandtii). Shutterstock. Staying young impossibly long There are animals that stay young much longer than we would ever expect (1). It is not only that they live longer than their cousins: they stay fertile and maintain a youthful body for most of their lives. Imagine that we didn’t have menopause. Imagine - [1. Aging mice have cancer and heart disease just like aging humans](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/aging-mice-have-cancer-and-heart-disease-just-like-aging-humans/) - Mouse with Walker – credit: Nadia Johnson One mouse-year equals forty human-years Mice develop much faster than humans. In the first month of life, a mouse develops 150 times as fast as a human infant (1). Thus, an adult female is sexually mature at 5 weeks of age, whereas humans are not sexually mature until - [1. Young stem cells and longevity](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/young-stem-cells-and-longevity/) - Designua. Stem cells. These inner cell mass from a blastocyst. These stem cells can become any tissue in the body. for example: neuron, chondrocyte, enterocytes, red blood cells, muscle, fat or epithelial cells. Shutterstock.com, ID: 595329806. Adult stem cells As the fetus develops, the original handful of germ cells produce groups of adult stem cells. - [2. The importance of the stem cell niche](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/1-what-are-stem-cells/) - Kateryna Kon. Dividing stem cells, Shutterstock.com, ID: 2053227584. Aging stem cells = aging As noted in the last article, animals that have high regenerative capacity are incredibly ageless. Thus, some turtles, salamanders, certain fish species (rougheye rockfish), some flatworms, quahog clams, and red sea urchins don’t show signs of aging (1, 2, 3, 4). Long-lived animals with agelessness - [Disorganized packets of air molecules](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/disorganized-packets-of-air-molecules/) - The primary reason objects in nature are white is that light hits disorganized packets of air molecules. These bounce the light photons all over the place. It is like being in a chaotic, nano-sized pinball game. The light is scattered. Much of it is reflected back to us. ​The hairs that make up the bear’s - [Some creatures live longer](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/some-creatures-live-longer/) - Mammal age and weight MAMMAL AGE (YEARS) WEIGHT (KG) Mouse 4 (log = 0.6) 0.030 (log = -1.5 Dog 12 (log = 1.1) 10 (log = 10) - [1. The hydrogen atom](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/the-hydrogen-atom/) - The amazing hydrogen element has 4 states 1. A naked hydrogen atom The hydrogen atom with its single electron is the most common element in the universe. As stars collapse under their own gravity, heavier elements are formed. Still, hydrogen, helium, and oxygen account for more than 99% of the elements in the Universe. Hydrogen - [1. Fast moving electrons](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/1-fast-moving-electrons/) - Electron/atom Electrons travel at 1/300th speed of light An electron is a minute particle, estimated to be 1 millionth of a billionth the size of a gnat*. As objects get smaller, they move faster. While fast flying insects can travel at speeds of 15 m/s (meters/second), a hypothetical electron will have a speed of 2,200 km/s - [Introduction](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/introduction-3/) - Electrons, atom, nucleus How do ultrafast electrons create solid bonds? Electrons in atoms are estimated to travel at thousands of kilometers per second in a hydrogen atom. Electrons are ultrafast In the first module of this course, I describe the speed of various objects and how that relates to their size. An electron’s speed within a defined - [11. Two atoms coming together](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/11-two-atoms-coming-together/) - great circles around tetrahedron Two electrons use the tetrahedron for their travels Electrons are always looking for the shortest distance of travel from one stable (or low energy) position towards the next stable position. Electrons are in a stable position when they meet the stringent requirements set out in article 8. Two electrons traveling from one vertex - [4. Fast moving objects create a solid reality](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/4-fast-moving-objects-create-a-solid-reality/) - Line of ants Black doodles in space Take our ant (from the second article in this module) scurrying around the floor; if it were moving in a defined space on the kitchen floor at hundreds of body lengths/second (like saharan silver ants) it would cover that whole space several times over in one minute. It would - [10. Summary of Module II](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/10-summary-of-module-ii/) - A spherical cocoon of electrons Because electrons are ultrafast and moving in a defined energy shell, they create a cloud of electrons around the nucleus. What the nucleus “feels” is a spherical cocoon of electrons that are humming continuously in the atmosphere above it. What we “feel” in our real world time frame – if - [9. Electron bench points](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/9-electron-bench-points/) - Great circles around a point Creating bench points If two electrons follow great circle paths, they must physically create points that each converges in more often than alternate points. Just like a teenager converges again and again at certain places in the house (their bed, the fridge, the couch in front of the TV monitor, - [5. Summary of module I](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/5-summary-module-1/) - Starling murmuration When many objects look like one There are many examples of multiple objects blending into one image when motion is added. The hub of a car’s wheel looks as a flat disc rather than individual spokes; the individual ferris wheel gondolas and spokes look like colored circles; the ribbons of a maypole are - [6. Creating electron clouds](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/6-creating-electron-clouds/) - Electron wave/nucleus A cloud of electrons Electrons travel at an estimated 2.2 million miles/hour (3.6 million km/hour or 1 million m/sec)*. This means that each microsecond, an electron has travelled 1 meter.Those infinitesimally small subatomic particles with their phenomenal speed create an actual dense presence around the nucleus. Just like our ant in a white - [2. Small things play to a different drummer](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/2-small-things-play-to-a-different-drummer-2/) - Water droplets on CD cover Billions of atoms of water It is hard to imagine things that are one millionth the size of a grain of sand. And even harder – having visualized such minute objects – seeing them join billions upon billions of others to fit comfortably into something as small as a teaspoon.Atoms - [3. Seeing things as one](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/3-seeing-things-as-one-2/) - What is the fastest thing we can see? How well we separate fast moving objects has a lot to do with the size of the object; it also has to do with our innate abilities to resolve two moving objects as one.Studies have been done on different creatures’ ability to resolve two moving objects as - [7. The paths that electrons follow](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/7-the-paths-that-electrons-follow/) - How electrons travel In a femtosecond time frame, electrons are always moving around with a profusion of positions (aka orbitals) around the nucleus. However, even with this ultrafast travel, electrons continue to look for ways to minimize their kinetic energy. The easiest way of doing this is through choosing shorter distance paths. When those paths are - [8. The rules that electrons follow](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/8-the-rules-that-electron-follow/) - Equidistant Electrons The key here is that points on the sphere have to be equally spaced from each other. This will help the electron have equal geodesics from which to choose. Amazingly, it turns out that there aren’t that many choices when there are two electrons in an energy shell. There are two reasons for - [1. Electron Bench points](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/oxygen/) - The most common hang-out places Moving around continuously and randomly Electrons are moving randomly around the nucleus, following simple guidelines; They are moving very fast. For example, in a hydrogen atom, their speed is in the range of 2.2 kilometers/second. They have to maintain their given orbital energy level They would like to get closer - [9. A “solid” bond](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/a-solid-bond-of-electrons/) - Where electrons hang out most 1. Linus Pauling’s Vision Linus Pauling (1901 – 1994), considered by some to be one of the 20 most influential scientists in the 20th century, helped shape ideas regarding chemical bonds between atoms. One of his most profound insights was the ability of bonds to resonate between two extremes; doing - [More reasons why objects are white](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/more-reasons-why-objects-are-white/) - White flowers Some flowers create a pigment that echoes all light, creating white flowers. But most of the times, the white color in flowers denotes the absence of any pigment. In such cases, the white “color” is due to the same reasons that clouds and snow are white: the presence of disorganized air molecules that - [8. Anti-bonding and bonding electrons](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/anti-bonding-and-bonding-electrons/) - Electrons prefer to be in a bonding state 1. Helium-like hydrogen atoms As noted in the last article on “creating two electron states”, Helium electrons are spaced diametrically opposite from each other. Thus, at any point in time, the Helium atom electrons are as far apart from each other and the atom has a filled - [7. Creating 2 electron states](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/h2-molecule/) - Balanced electrons have less energy 1. Reactive s orbital electrons All group 1 elements (Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, and Francium) are reactive with water, producing a hydroxide and hydrogen gas (see video below for sodium’s reaction with water). The reaction generates a lot of energy. This energy is highest with Cesium in the following - [6. Rules of engagement](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/how-solid-are-electron-orbitals/) - Three rules that electrons have to follow 1. Staying as far apart as possible Let’s take our Helium atom with its two electrons in the first shell around the nucleus. Helium is a noble gas and is the second least reactive element in the universe (the least reactive gas is Neon). When there is more - [5. The reality of electrons](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/s-orbitals/) - Creating an orbital reality 1. A cloud of electrons Electrons travel at an estimated 5 million miles/hour (8 million km/hour or 2.2 million m/sec). This means that each microsecond, an electron has travelled 2.2 meters. To compare this to our fastest land animal (the mite Paratarsotomus macropalpis which scampers at 322 body-lengths/second), an electron darts - [3. What is our reality?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/changing-our-reality/) - It depends how small we are! 1. Black doodles in space Take our ant scurrying around the floor; if it were moving in a defined space on the kitchen floor at hundreds of body lengths/second, it would cover that whole space several times over in one minute. It would no longer look like an ant, - [2. Seeing things as one](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/seeing-things-as-one/) - Younger and smaller: Better resolution 1. What is the fastest thing we can see? How well we separate fast moving objects has a lot to do with the size of the object; it also has to do with our innate abilities to resolve two moving objects as one. Studies have been done on different creatures’ - [1. Small things play to a different drummer](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/small-things-play-to-a-different-drummer/) - Smaller creatures move faster 1. Billions in one drop It is hard to imagine things that are one millionth the size of a grain of sand. And even harder – having visualized such minute objects – seeing them join billions upon billions of others to fit comfortably into something as small as a teaspoon. Atoms - [4. Hydrogen atom](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/hydrogen-atom/) - The hydrogen atom has 3 states 1. A naked hydrogen proton The hydrogen atom with its single electron is the most common element in the universe. On earth, we live in a blessed atmosphere. Cool enough to support stable atomic structures, but warm enough to allow dynamic bonding. In the sun, at frighteningly hot temperatures, - [Conclusion](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/conclusion/) - What are the main points? White color in nature is due to one of two primary elements: reflection of white light off a disorganized mass of gas or air molecules. These molecules are held together in an transparent netting creating different sizes of packets of molecules. The different packets create a chaotic jumble of interfaces - [Ermine, Arctic hares, and Beluga whales](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/ermine-arctic-hares-and-beluga-whales/) - What stimulates things to become white? Other creatures have pure white coats, like Arctic hare and Arctic fox, the Ermine, and the Beluga Whale. Light is a strong trigger for cell change. For example, white flowers develop pigment molecules in their cells under the influence of light. When the same plants are kept in the - [Why are clouds pink and other questions](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/why-are-clouds-pink-and-other-questions/) - Here are 9 questions that made me think through the answers. Try giving yourself a few minutes to come up with an answer that makes sense. I welcome comments and answers that help expand on mine. Why are the underbellies of clouds dark? Clouds with flat bottoms Why are the tops of clouds the whitest - [What holds air bubbles in place?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/what-holds-air-bubbles-in-place/) - In the first lesson, I identified the primary reason for the whiteness in natural objects. When air bubbles of different sizes are trapped in a transparent material, the light is refracted in multiple directions. It is as if the light entered a hall with innumerable nano-sized mirrors at different angles to each other. Does that - [Different cloud shapes](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/different-cloud-shapes/) - How many cloud types are there? The cloud shown below looks like dollops of whipped cream that are layered on an invisible cake. There are clouds that are feathery, clouds that are flat, and clouds that seem to have no structure at all. Why do clouds come in all shapes and sizes? Clouds It is - [The HUGE clouds](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/the-huge-clouds/) - The cumulonimbus and the nimbostratus We discussed the nimbostratus clouds in one of the previous lessons (the Darkest Layer). However, one of the very dramatic clouds is the cumulonimbus cloud or the “heaps of rain” cloud. This cloud has a lot of dark colors in the lower part of the cloud. The top 2/3 of - [The difference between fog and clouds](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/clouds/) - Rising above the clouds As I sit writing this, it is a cool day in the summer. The screen door allows the sounds of birds in, but otherwise, the day is pretty quiet as most people are at work. It has finished drizzling; the sky is overcast, with large areas of blue pushing out the - [The more the air, the whiter the cloud](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/the-more-the-air-the-whiter-the-cloud/) - The fluffiest and whitest layer As the water vapor molecules rise higher and higher in the stratosphere, they cool down more and more. Colder hydrogen bonds are stronger. Imagine a cold front pushing warm moist air upward into the Troposphere. As the water vapor molecules rise higher, they experience colder temperatures. This encourages the formation - [The darkest layer](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/the-darkest-layer/) - Fluffy cumulus clouds The basic make up of clouds To understand why we have white as opposed to gray clouds, let us go back to the basic makeup of clouds: Clouds are a mixture of cooled down (and connected) water vapor molecules, microscopic water droplets, and air. It is the different ratios of those elements - [What about the water droplets in fog?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/why-does-fog-develop/) - Cooling down water vapor Fog (mist, visible breath) develops from water vapor. Warmed up airborne water molecules are water vapor. When temperatures surrounding the water vapor molecules cool down sufficiently, the molecules connect together. Here’s the thing – you cannot develop fog or cool mist directly from liquid water. The process has to be the following: - [Fogged up mirrors](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/fog/) - Fogged up water molecules Cold misty breath looking like a miniature cloud Fogging up our eyeglasses Steam that fills the bathroom that is as light and airy as an ultra-fine spider’s web. Fogged up bathroom mirrors Misted breath two morals All those instances of “fogged up” water molecules are those of water vapor cooling down - [Fog development is simple](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/fog-development-is-simple/) - The foggiest places on the planet Some places have fog much of the year. Among the foggiest regions on Earth are Point Reyes in California and the Grand Banks off the island of Newfoundland, Canada, When cold and warm climates come together in an area close to large bodies of water, fog is sure to - [White ice, hail, and blue ice](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/ice-cubes/) - How about ice cubes? It depends on how you freeze the cubes. Household ice cube trays often freeze water relatively quickly. This entraps the air bubbles in the center of the cube – the last place to freeze. Ice cubes with trapped white air bubbles The ice cubes shown look as if they have - [Snow](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/2-snow-and-icecubes/) - SNOW Water appears white is when it is frozen; this creates pockets that trap air bubbles between the frozen water molecules. As we know, snowflakes are frozen water vapor. Whereas snowflakes seen individually are colorless, a mass of snowflakes with entrapped air bubbles will appear white. Here’s what happens: when snowflakes fall and collect on - [Foam](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/foam/) - Uneven air masses create white color Light refracts at different angles between the air bubbles and the water holding the bubbles in place. Keep in mind that it is the air bubbles that reflect the white light back. It is not water bubbles. If air molecules absorbed some element of white light, we would have - [Waves and bubbles](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/1-waves-waterfalls-and-whitewater/) - Turbulent water and air Liquid water is white at the interfaces of water and air when there is turbulence. Wave crests, breaking waves, waterfalls, the wake of ships and boats, river whitewater, water splashes, and water jets are all examples of turbulent water/air interfaces. Agitated water at the air interface encourages aeration of liquid water - [Introduction](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/introduction-2/) - The complexity of electrons It is challenging to understand electrons. They have energy levels, orbitals, angular momentum, and spin. Moreover, any model describing electrons must account for their role in electricity, magnetism, chemical bonding, and thermal conductivity, among other roles. One way to explain much of what relates to electrons is by using a Platonic - [4. Staying far apart](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/4-traveling-like-an-electron-particles-and-waves/) - Staying far apart from each other Visualizing electron configurations in a Platonic Solid format helps us understand the unusual, unpredictable parts of nature (the chaos) as well as the order (the systems). When atoms increase in number, one gets mathematical systems of Tessalations (tile patterns), Fibonacci sequence (spirals), and E8 Lie groups (continuous symmetric groups). - [5. Traveling like an electron: Particles and waves](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/5-traveling-like-an-electron-particles-and-waves/) - The Story Equations are just the boring part of mathematics. I attempt to see things in terms of geometry. Stephen Hawking 1942 – 2018 Electron configurations For an electron, its most common configuration is where it spends the most time. This is at one of the vertices of a Platonic solid. But what is the - [3. Life, art, and architecture](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/3-life-religion-and-architecture/) - The Story Where there is matter, there is geometry Johannes Kepler 1571 – 1630 Electrons are very fast moving particles. They move at an estimated rate of 2 million meters/second in a hydrogen atom. At that speed, it would take an electron about 3 minutes to reach the moon from Earth. With - [1. The ancient Greeks and Platonic solids](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/1-the-ancient-greeks-and-platonic-solids/) - Let it be agreed, then, both according to strict reason and according to probability, that the pyramid is the solid which is the original element and seed of fire; and let us assign the element which was next in the order of generation to air, and the third to water. - [2. The importance of Platonic solids](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/2-the-importance-of-platonic-solids-through-the-ages/) - [7. Platonic solids](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/7-platonic-solids/) - Let it be agreed, then, both according to strict reason and according to probability, that the pyramid is the solid which is the original element and seed of fire; and let us assign the element which was next in the order of generation to air, and the third to water. - [Intro & Proof](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/intro-proof/) - To start with, we’ll take a look at some proof. That way, you’ll see that the recipes in this course actually work (and produce some impressive results) in the real world and aren’t just marketing theory. - [Scarcity Marketing – Good & Bad Examples](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/scarcity-marketing-good-bad-examples/) - In this lesson, we introduce the concept of scarcity marketing. And very importantly: we look at some examples of how not to do it and the principles for doing it right. Scarcity marketing is tricky in this regard. If you do it right, it’s incredibly powerful. But if you do it wrong, it can cost - [How to Build Courses With Thrive Apprentice](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/how-to-build-courses-with-thrive-apprentice/) - In this lesson, we introduce the concept of scarcity marketing. And very importantly: we look at some examples of how not to do it and the principles for doing it right. Scarcity marketing is tricky in this regard. If you do it right, it’s incredibly powerful. But if you do it wrong, it can cost - [How to Build a Digital Product Empire](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/how-to-build-a-digital-product-empire/) - In this lesson, we introduce the concept of scarcity marketing. And very importantly: we look at some examples of how not to do it and the principles for doing it right. Scarcity marketing is tricky in this regard. If you do it right, it’s incredibly powerful. But if you do it wrong, it can cost - [Behind the Scenes: Our Exact Scarcity Marketing Sequence](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/behind-the-scenes-our-exact-scarcity-marketing-sequence/) - Continuing the theme of keeping it real, in this video we take a look at the exact scarcity marketing sequence we used on one of our product launches. And by exact, I mean: you’ll see the actual emails we sent, the exact timings of when we sent them and the sales results corresponding to them. - [Two Scarcity Marketing Recipes](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/two-scarcity-marketing-recipes/) - In this short lesson, we introduce two recipes you can apply to your business: the “under the radar” promotion and the classic product launch or sale. You’ll see the exact steps and timings required to make these promotions as effective as possible. - [Introduction – From Internet Rubbish to Content Marketing Gold](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/introduction-from-internet-rubbish-to-content-marketing-gold/) - Why is it so hard to create engaging content? And what is engaging content actually? Discover what you’ll need to learn in order to make your content marketing efficient - [Why Most Internet Content Never Sees The Light of Day](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/why-most-internet-content-never-sees-the-light-of-day/) - Over two million blog articles are written every day. And most of them will never be read. Discover why this happens and how to avoid being part of this junkyard of internet rubbish. - [Mastering Your Technique and Presentation](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/mastering-your-technique-and-presentation/) - Check these 4 things before publishing any content online. If you get one of these wrong, the actual content of your blog will not even matter all that much… - [Introduction – From Internet Rubbish to Content Marketing Gold](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/introduction-from-internet-rubbish-to-content-marketing-gold-2/) - Why is it so hard to create engaging content? And what is engaging content actually? Discover what you’ll need to learn in order to make your content marketing efficient - [Introduction – From Internet Rubbish to Content Marketing Gold](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/introduction-from-internet-rubbish-to-content-marketing-gold-3/) - Why is it so hard to create engaging content? And what is engaging content actually? Discover what you’ll need to learn in order to make your content marketing efficient - [Introduction – From Internet Rubbish to Content Marketing Gold](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/introduction-from-internet-rubbish-to-content-marketing-gold-4/) - Why is it so hard to create engaging content? And what is engaging content actually? Discover what you’ll need to learn in order to make your content marketing efficient - [THOUGHTS](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/testing/) - OK: If you take two electrons, they are on a THD and they create a spherical THD and the internal thing of this is actually an inverted THD (though when you add everything together, just looks like a completed sphere This spherical tiling and the inverted THD allow those two electrons to meet the requirements - [4. Why is the s orbital so incredibly versatile?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/4-why-is-the-s-orbital-so-incredibly-versatile/) - It is incredibly elastic Tetrahedron with 4 vertices 1. Always reactive An s-orbital is designed to fill up with only two electrons. Thus, it always has 2 empty slots on its tetrahedral vertices. Because of the empty and available slots, electrons in s-orbitals will be in a more reactive state even though the s orbital - [Life](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/life/) - Miscellaneous White color in nature Coming soon DNA/RNA Coming soon Protein receptors Coming soon Picture credits: By Francesco Ungaro from Pexels. Photo of Sea Animals Near Coral Reefs. Uploaded at December 15, 2019. Aviva West. Art in nature. Flickr.com, taken on July 14, 2012 Quapan. non-covalent hydrogen bonds betwixt base pairs of the DNA-Double-Helix visualized through an - [3. Quantized energy levels](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/quantized-energy-levels/) - Electrons flow into specific energy states Platonic solids and sphere A Platonic solid model Electrons move from energy level to energy level in quantized “jumps”. How does this happen? Electrons are very fast moving entities, yet they can act as if there are traffic signals and roads that they must follow. One possible model is - [1. Let’s talk about hydrogen](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/lets-talk-about-hydrogen/) - Hydrogen has to combine with others 1. The hydrogen Element Hydrogen was created first. A few minutes after the big bang, protons and neutrons were formed. Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium nuclei were created. Over millions of years, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen were formed. The header diagram shows the three critical processes involved. 2. Our - [p orbital is 1.73 x the s orbital](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/p-orbital-is-1-73-x-the-s-orbital/) - Related Products Product Name 5.0 for tetrahedron: R –> a = 4/√6 R= =1/4sqrt(6)a –> s = 4/√6 R or 2 √(2/3) R (1.633 R) 1 electron = 6 x 2 √(2/3) R (9.798R) 2 electrons = 2 x 2 √(2/3) R (3.266 R) For cube: —> a = 2/√3R For octahedron: a = √2R - [moving an s electron to a p4 exactly same energy](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/moving-an-s-electron-to-a-p4-exactly-same-energy/) - So, when you add electrons to an orbital, you decrease degrees of freedom; So, p = 1.73 KE of a single electron; but p4 has only 7 out of the original 12 edges for movement, so if p orbital has 4 electrons (as the oxygen atom has), the energy equalizes (p/s = 7/12 x 1.73 - 1.009) - [Clone of Testing](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/testing-2/) - [testing](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/testing-3/) - [2. Three things to note](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/three-things-to-note/) - The most versatile electron 1. Quantized energy and orbitals There is potential and kinetic energy all around us. Potential energy is the ball on the table. Kinetic energy is the ball falling from the the table to the floor. Usually nothing tangible happens when the ball falls on a carpeted floor. Unless there is a - [Atoms/molecules](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/atoms-molecules/) - Energy levels of atomic orbitals Electron Orbitals The best way to calm atoms Where does the energy of H*+H* = H2 come from? The s, p, d and f orbitals There cannot be a g-orbital 4s before 3d 6s before 4f How do compare the energy of orbitals? Why is the octet the most stable - [2. A somewhat inert hydrogen molecule](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/a-somewhat-inert-hydrogen-molecule/) - H2 is a quiet molecule at room temperature 1. Hydrogen gas The hydrogen molecule (H2) is hydrogen gas, the lightest gas in the Universe. About five hundred years ago, it was found that hydrogen gas could be produced by adding acids to metal. At first, H2 was thought to be a type of “inflammable air”. It was - [Water](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/water/) - Cumulus clouds Miscellaneous When is water white? Frozen Landscape Water, ice, and snow Coming soon Dense fog: why is it so hard to see in fog Water vapor Coming soon Picture credits: Images by John ‘K’. “Flat bottomed clouds”. Flickr.com, taken on March 4, 2009. Hijab, J. Frozen landscape, Winter 2019. Ankur Panchbudhe. Dense fog - [1. One nanosecond in the life of an electron](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/1-one-nanosecond-in-the-life-of-an-electron/) - Yes, electrons do need road maps Atoms in a drop of water How small is an atom? It is hard to imagine things that are one millionth the size of a grain of sand. And even harder – having visualized such minute objects – seeing them join billions upon billions of others to fit comfortably - [5. How do electrons stay organized?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/what-happens-to-electrons-with-change-in-temperature/) - Everything in nature has a pattern From molecules, to ants, to social systems. Even chaotic systems have patterns. In Gleick’s book on Chaos, he highlights that the “overriding message was that simple processes in nature could produce magnificent edifices of complexity without randomness….Nature forms patterns. Some are orderly in space but disorderly in time, others - [6. Being in two places at the same time](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/being-in-two-places-at-the-same-time/) - Metronome Fast moving objects If things are moving very fast on the same path, say a metronome, the composite of all the images would make the final picture that we see as a blur of a thousand metronome pendulums in a fluid arc. Similarly, the tick-tick-tick of the metronome would blend into one sound as - [4. What questions can we answer with a new paradigm?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/what-questions-can-we-answer-with-a-new-paradigm/) - What patterns do electrons have? We have 4 known orbital patterns for electrons: The s, p, d, and f orbitals. For example, for H2 (hydrogen gas), two 1s electrons come together to form a sigma bond in a stable molecular orbital. It is possible to take our current atomic and molecular orbital theory and tweak - [3. Changing the way we think about electrons](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/can-we-measure-kinetic-energy/) - An immense balancing act Electrons – as negative particles – stay as far as possible from each other. This creates difficulty as electrons are also attracted to the nucleus. That leaves electrons with their best option being when they pair up so that each has the lowest possible energy. For example, energy is released when - [2. What types of energy are there?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/what-types-of-energy-are-there/) - Starlings mid-murmuration Energy of molecules Molecules are not motionless. The individual atoms are propelled in random directions through interatomic forces. Those interatomic as well as subatomic forces generate energy. Together, the various energies combine to give an overall thermal energy to the molecule. A large grouping of atoms – for example, those in a hemoglobin - [1. Introduction](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/course/introduction/) - Sandals on hot sand Have you wondered….. Why certain materials heat up quickly or feel cold against your skin? Why is this important? There are innumerable types of matter. Wood, metals, glass, sand, water, and air. Each will behave differently when exposed to the warmth of the sun: Wood will feel comfortably warm Metal – ## Thrive Apprentice Chapter - [Scarcity Marketing Secrets](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/chapter/scarcity-marketing-secrets/) ## Thrive Apprentice Module - [A. Humans age, but not all animals do](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/course-outline/) - Humans age, as do other mammals. However, not all animals age. In this series of articles, I highlight the fact that aging does not affect all animals. Some animals seem to stay young for a long time. Both environmental factors and genetic factors shape longevity. The latter provides more power to the cells to stay - [A. Adult Stem cells](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/i-introduction-what-are-stem-cells/) - [Forever young and cancer-free](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/i-some-creatures-never-get-cancer/) - [What is so special about the hydrogen atom](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/what-is-so-special-about-the-hydrogen-agom/) - The hydrogen atom is the smallest atom. And the only one that has a relatively small mass compared to all other atoms. In this module, the articles focus on the energy of the hydrogen and helium atoms. It is the hydrogen atom's lone electron that makes the atom so versatile but uncommonly gentle. And yet, the hydrogen atom is capable of explosive reactions. - [I. Electrons are ultrafast moving particles](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/i-electrons-are-ultrafast-moving-particles/) - Picture credit: By adison pangchai. illustration ID: 550452931. Model of Abstract Atom Structure. - [II. Creating electron bench points](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/ii-creating-electron-bench-points/) - Electrons have favorite resting places that they go to again and again. I call these "electron bench points". These bench points are a function of an electron's need to live in a given energy shell at the lowest possible kinetic energy. Photo by Ricardo Gomez Angel on Unsplash - [III. Not all bench points are created equal](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/the-hydrogen-molecule-2/) - Two hydrogen atoms will come together to form hydrogen gas (H2). How does a "solid" 2 electron bond get created? This bond is created because some electron bench points are more popular than others in two-atom sigma bonds. This module describe how the H2 bond is pretty strong, in spite of the incessant mobility of electrons. Picture credit: ChiralJon. Hydrogen Virtual Orbital, Flickr.com, uploaded April 7, 2019. - [Electron Bench Points](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/oxygen/) - Oxygen is a reactive molecule. XXXXX - [III. Creating a "solid" 2 electron bond](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/the-hydrogen-molecule/) - Two hydrogen atoms will come together to form hydrogen gas (H2). What creates a "solid" 2 electron bond? It seems difficult to appreciate why the bond is relatively strong, given that electrons are still active, even when in a molecular orbital. Picture credit: By magnetix. MO theory - LCAO method for hydrogen. Shutterstock.com: ID: 356996288. - [I. Changing our reality](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/i-changing-our-reality/) - The first module describes how small and very fast entities behave.By the end of this module, you will be able to visualize how our reality changes depending on our size and the speed at which we move. Picture credit: By Tatiana53. Shutterstock ID: 10939195. Sphere. 3d. - [II. Variations on white](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/variations-on-white/) - In the last article, we answered questions to better understand the concept of white color in nature: Why are clouds pink at sunset? Why do clouds have dark underbellies? How can you produce clear ice cubes? In this section, we will look at other reasons objects look white in nature. - [Module 3: What about clouds?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/module-3-what-about-clouds/) - Clouds are my favorite structure. They are so diverse. And, yet, there is a common meaning to them that links them together. Feature image: Chris Harrison. Clouds (Flickr.com),Taken on June 15, 2010. - [Module 2: What about fog?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/what-about-fog/) - Fog with its ghostly cold fingers. If fog is made of water droplets. How is it so murky? Because the defining characteristic for fog is not liquid water, but water vapor. Feature image: tracyshaun (flickr.com). blanket of fog pouring over the headlands. Taken Oct 29, 2008. - [Module 1: Liquid and frozen water](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/module-1-liquid-water-and-bubbles/) - This module is about water, both in liquid and frozen state. The feature image shows the whiteness of water when it is ice, bubbling down a waterfall, and snow. Feature image: Frozen ice, snow and waterfall on the Ottauquechee River. Taken from the Queeche covered bridge, Jan 2020. - [II. Why are the energy levels of electrons quantized?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/why-are-the-energy-levels-of-electrons-quantized/) - [I. Overview of Platonic solids](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/i-overview-of-platonic-solids/) - [Learn how to use Scarcity Marketing](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/learn-how-to-use-scarcity-marketing/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Vivamus tristique ligula sit amet nulla eleifend, nec imperdiet ante semper. Nulla lobortis urna ac massa sagittis, a posuere ipsum commodo. Sed at nisl urna. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae; Pellentesque laoreet hendrerit metus, at fermentum dui elementum eget. - [Putting Scarcity Marketing Into Practice](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/putting-scarcity-marketing-into-practice/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Vivamus tristique ligula sit amet nulla eleifend, nec imperdiet ante semper. Nulla lobortis urna ac massa sagittis, a posuere ipsum commodo. Sed at nisl urna. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae; Pellentesque laoreet hendrerit metus, at fermentum dui elementum eget. - [IV. Calculating kinetic energy of the orbitals](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/calculating-kinetic-energy-of-orbitals/) - [III. What does a Platonic model of electron orbitals explain?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/what-does-a-platonic-model-of-electron-orbitals-explain/) - [II. Moving fluidly from orbital to orbital](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/p-orbtial/) - [I. Creating orbitals out of Platonic solids](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/s-orbital/) - [Why should we care?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/the-hydrogen-atom-and-its-electron/) - Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe. Its lone electron lives in the s orbital, which makes it the most versatile atom ever.So what if two hydrogen atoms join together to create H2 and release energy. Why should we care?Because the small step to understanding the bond in hydrogen gas (H2) will help us take the bigger step to understanding the bonds in water (H2O) and oxygen (O2).Both are critical to life. - [II. Encircling the nucleus](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/s-orbitals/) - Hydrogen, with its lone electron has the perfect s orbital.This module brings in the concepts from the first module and discusses the hydrogen atom.By the end of this module, you should be able to see how electrons behave, particularly within s orbitals. In these orbitals, one electron can envelope the nucleus like a shroud. Picture credit: By Designua. Structure atom Helium and Hydrogen. Shutterstock.com, ID: 111779942. - [I. Naturally white](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/naturally-white/) - There are multiple instances of pure white color in natural settings. From clouds, to snow, to whitewater, and sea foam. To whipped egg whites, mynah bird feathers, and a beer head. To soap foam, frothy saliva, and ice cubes. - [I. Do electrons have road maps?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/i-do-electrons-have-road-maps/) - This module explains the need for electrons to have road maps given their high speed. I use examples of other living entities to explain how electrons behave in our 3-dimensional world space. Picture credit: By korkeng. Vector abstract circle frame with wave lines pattern flowing in blue green colors isolated on black background in concept of music, technology, ai. Shutterstock.com, ID: 1331040437. - [III. How electrons increase their kinetic energy in a predictable fashion](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/iii-how-electrons-increase-their-kinetic-energy-in-a-predictable-fashion/) - Everything in nature has a pattern. This module will discuss the patterns that electrons have. From those patterns we can explain how this translates in vibrational and rotational kinetic erngery. - [II. What types of energy do electrons have?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/how-does-the-kinetic-energy-of-electrons-produce-a-change-in-temperature/) - In this module, I will discuss the different types of energy that are particular to electrons. I will also discuss what a new paradigm should cover if it is going to replace the old.PICTURE CREDIT: Kevin Dooley. Atom: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons, Probability. Flickr.com, taken on Dec 7, 2013. - [I. Why do we burn our hand on the car door handle in the summer?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/module/why-do-we-burn-our-hand-on-the-car-door-handle-in-the-summer/) - The introductory chapter will give an overview of the course modules. ## Thrive Apprentice Assessment - [Assessment: Two Scarcity Marketing Recipes](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/assessment/assessment-two-scarcity-marketing-recipes/) - Lorem Ipsum este pur și simplu un text fals al industriei de tipărire și de tipărire. Lorem Ipsum a fost textul fals standard al industriei încă din anii 1500, când o imprimantă necunoscută a luat o bucătărie de tipărire și a amestecat-o pentru a face o carte cu specimene de tipar. A supraviețuit nu numai ## Thrive Apprentice Course Completed - [Congratulations!](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/complete/congratulations/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Vivamus tristique ligula sit amet nulla eleifend, nec imperdiet ante semper. Nulla lobortis urna ac massa sagittis, a posuere ipsum commodo. Sed at nisl urna. 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[Phases of Water](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/phases-of-water/) - [Average lifespan](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/average-lifespan/) - [sexual maturity](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/sexual-maturity/) - [Dead skin](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/dead-skin/) - [aging](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/aging/) - [hydrogen bonds](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/hydrogen-bonds/) - [liquid water](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/liquid-water/) - [White](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/white/) - [clouds](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/clouds/) - [snow](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/snow/) - [salamander](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/salamander/) - [young](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/young/) - [air](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/air/) - [proteins](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/proteins/) - [ice](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/ice/) - [spider](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/spider/) - [hydrogen bond](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/hydrogen-bond/) - [fog](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/fog/) - [stem cell](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/stem-cell/) - [longevity](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/longevity/) - [health](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/health/) - [amino acids](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/amino-acids/) - [insects](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/insects/) - [water vapor](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/water-vapor/) - [Electron](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/electron/) - [atom](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/atom/) - [platonic solid](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/platonic-solid/) - [orbital](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/orbital/) - [blue water](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/blue-water/) - [asthma](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/asthma/) - [CO2](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/co2/) - [acid](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/acid/) - [ammonia](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/ammonia/) - [inflammation](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/inflammation/) - [muscle](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/muscle/) - [lactate](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/lactate/) - [brain](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/brain/) - [hydrogen](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/hydrogen/) - [covalent bond](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/covalent-bond/) - [electrons](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/electrons/) - [exercise](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/exercise/) - [whales](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/whales/) - [bats](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/bats/) - [temperature](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/temperature/) - [cold](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/cold/) - [hydrogen gas](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/hydrogen-gas/) - [bananas](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/bananas/) - [water molecule](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/water-molecule/) - [steam](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/steam/) - [receptors](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/receptors/) - [cancer](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/cancer/) - [cells](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/cells/) - [lactic acid](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/lactic-acid/) - [pH](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/ph/) - [giant cells](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/giant-cells/) - [dementia](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/dementia/) - [diabetes](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/diabetes/) - [fructose](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/fructose/) - [fetus](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/fetus/) - [fat](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/fat/) - [whale](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/whale/) - [nucleus](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/nucleus/) - [membranes](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/membranes/) - [rejuvenation](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/rejuvenation/) - [quiescent](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/quiescent/) - [why I write](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/why-i-write/) - [teaching others](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/teaching-others/) - [my story](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/my-story/) - [my struggles](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/my-struggles/) - [lysosomes](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/lysosomes/) - [senescence](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/senescence/) - [rain](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/rain/) - [chronic disease](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/chronic-disease/) - [spinach](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/spinach/) - [antioxidant](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/antioxidant/) - [Growth factors](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/growth-factors/) - [platelet](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/platelet/) - [growth factor](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tag/growth-factor/) ## Courses - [White color in Nature](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/white-color-in-nature/) - [When is water white?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/when-is-water-white/) - [Explosive water](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/explosive-water/) - [Creating a solid Hydrogen bond for H2](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/creating-a-solid-hydrogen-bond-for-h2/) - [Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen (N2), and Ozone (O3).](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/oxygen-nitrogen-and-ozone/) - [Why don't electrons crash into each other?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/why-dont-electrons-crash-into-each-other/) - [Where does the energy from the reaction H* + H* --> H2 come from?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/where-does-the-energy-from-the-reaction-2h-h2-come-from/) - [How can we stay young? The value in keeping our stem cells young (part I)](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/how-can-we-stay-young/) - [How does matter warm up?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/how-does-matter-warm-up/) - [MASTER TABLE AND COURSE TITLES](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/master-table-and-course-titles/) - [The amazing Platonic solids explain everything](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/the-amazing-platonic-solids-explain-everything/) - [s, p, d, and f orbitals](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/s-p-d-and-f-orbitals/) - [Thrive Themes - Make More Sales Without Needing More Traffic](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/thrive-themes-make-more-sales-without-needing-more-traffic/) - [Thrive Themes - From Internet Rubbish to Content Gold](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/thrive-themes-from-internet-rubbish-to-content-gold/) - [Thrive Themes - 22 Tips to Build Your Mailing List Faster](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/thrive-themes-22-tips-to-build-your-mailing-list-faster/) - [Thrive Themes - Build a Conversion Focused Website From Scratch](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/thrive-themes-build-a-conversion-focused-website-from-scratch/) - [Thrive Themes - Multi Step Mastery: Build a Targeted Mailing List](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/thrive-themes-multi-step-mastery-build-a-targeted-mailing-list/) - [How do ultrafast electrons create solid H2 bonds?](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/how-do-ultrafast-electrons-create-solid-hydrogen-bonds/) - [Why do we have cancer and bats don't? A simple and new protein framework](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/why-do-we-have-cancer-and-bats-dont/) - [How can we stay young? The value in keeping our stem cells young (part II)](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/lifes-chemistry-press-themes/how-can-we-stay-young-the-value-in-keeping-our-stem-cells-young-part-ii/) ## Symbols - [Headers](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tcb_symbol/headers/) - [Page not found](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tcb_symbol/page-not-found/) - [Footers](https://www.lifeschemistrypress.com/tcb_symbol/footers/)